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Simple and insensitive lower and upper bounds are proposed for the call congestion of M/GI/c/n queues. To prove them we establish the general monotonicity property that increasing the waiting room and/or the number of servers in a /GI/c/n queue increases the throughput. An asymptotic result on the number of busy servers is obtained as a consequence of the bounds. Numerical evidence as well as an application to optimal design illustrates the potential usefulness for engineering purposes. The proof is based on a sample path argument.
We give an extremely simple argument to prove that in infinite user-commurlication channels, under the Aloha protocol, the number of successful transmissions is finite with probability 1. The same result is then shown to hold for those back-off protocols whose transmission probabilities are bounded away from 0.
Two simple approximation formulas for approximating the areas under the t distribution are presented here which are easily programmable on pocket calculators. Their accuracy should be sufficient for most of the practical applications.