A 9200-year-long Holocene record of pollen, magnetic susceptibility (MS), and sedimentation rates from Pup Lake, northern Lower Michigan, USA, along with comparative pollen data from regional paleoecological sites and optically stimulated luminescence dates from inland sand dunes across the Great Lakes region, reveals emerging relationships among climate, vegetation, and erosion. Tsuga (hemlock) pollen was used to track local- and regional-scale hydroclimate variability owing to the taxon’s moisture sensitivity and close association with modern lake-effect snowfall gradients. Two periods of elevated MS and Tsuga values, 6800–5200 cal yr BP and 3200–800 cal yr BP, are interpreted as millennial-scale phases of greater effective moisture that drove key changes in forest composition and resulted in accelerated erosion. Overall, the lake’s MS record broadly tracks changes in Tsuga pollen frequencies and sedimentation rates, particularly during the Late Holocene, suggesting the emergence of a well-defined lake-effect climate system between 5200 and 1000 cal yr BP. Additionally, Pup Lake’s MS record exhibits notable connections with widely recognized hemispheric-scale climate deterioration episodes, including the 9.2, 8.2, and 5.2 ka BP events.

The Kovrizhka sites are some of the most studied and highly informative for the entire northern Cis-Baikal region of Siberia and illustrate the history and development of ancient cultures in the Vitim area during the Late Upper Paleolithic to Early Neolithic. To better understand human settlement practices during this time, we constructed a model of Late Quaternary landscape formation and human occupation in the Vitim River valley based on a geomorphological study and radiocarbon dating of archaeological sites Kovrizhka I–VI in the Baikal-Pathom Highlands. The model reconstructs human habitation of the valley from 19.9 to 6.7 ka and connects settlement patterns to general landscape features, stone (mineral) and food resources, the flood regime of the Vitim River, and dynamics of landscape formation. A secondary focus of this study is to assess the timing and geomorphological remnants of megafloods originating from breakthroughs of the Muya (Vitim) glacial paleolake in Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3 and 2, and their impact on human settlement. The last megaflood could not have been later than the earliest settlement on Kovrizhka II (19.9 ka). However, erosive flood activity is observed at all stages, especially a shift in floods at the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary.

New cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages and a proglacial lake sediment archive provide the first record of local ice cover following the deglaciation of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) in southeast Alaska. Exposure ages from Necker Bay corroborate existing evidence for a CIS deglaciation age of ∼15–14 ka from the outer coast of Baranof Island. We date retreat farther inland on the western and eastern flanks of the island to the Early Holocene, providing evidence for an ice cap persisting on Baranof Island ∼3 ka after CIS retreat. Baranof Lake sediment cores document continued local ice cover until ∼10.4 ka, after which glaciers receded to their Holocene minima until ∼8 ka. Glaciers grew through the remainder of the Holocene, reaching their maxima during the last millennium before retreating rapidly during the last century. Remote sensing analysis of glacial change around Baranof Lake from 1948 to 2023 CE shows that the rate of glacier area loss increased by an order of magnitude after 1986 CE, from −0.03 km2/yr to −0.29 km2/yr. This trend in glacier area loss is reflected across Alaska and western Canada, highlighting the sensitivity of Beringian glaciers to climate changes and the significant contribution they will make to sea-level rise this century.

Four new Pleistocene track-bearing aeolianite surfaces have been identified on South Africa’s Cape south coast, each portraying evidence of tortoise tracks. Together, they add to and buttress previous reports of tortoise tracks and trackways from the region. Globally, this remains the only area from which fossilized tortoise tracks have been recorded, and for the first time we illustrate the preservation of typical tortoise trackway morphology (involving a ‘tramline’ pattern with a wide straddle and closely spaced tracks), as observed in the trackways of extant tortoises. One site provides further evidence for the inferred presence of a very large tortoise trackmaker from the region during the Pleistocene. This tortoise was substantially larger than the largest extant tortoises in southern Africa, which bolsters the inference of either an extinct very large tortoise or a large chrono-subspecies of the extant leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis). The mismatch between the body fossil record and trace fossil record with respect to the presence of large tortoises in the southern Cape persists. One trackway was probably registered by a smaller leopard tortoise, and the other trackways may have been registered by an angulate tortoise (Chersina angulata).

Stable carbon isotopes in Holocene soils provide key insights into past climate and ecosystems. This study presents high-resolution isotope analyses of pedogenic carbonates and organic carbon from modern loess-derived soils in northern Iran across a strong precipitation gradient (150–850 mm mean annual precipitation [MAP]). Eight soil profiles span five soil orders: Alfisols, Mollisols, Inceptisols, Aridisols, and Entisols. The mean δ13Cpc values show strong linear relationships with MAP (δ13Cpc = −0.0093 × MAP + 1.8878; R2 = 0.98) and with the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration, P/PET (δ13Cpc = −8.6842 × P/PET + 1.608; R2 = 0.99), indicating that δ13Cpc reliably reflects moisture availability during carbonate formation. Values range from −6.2‰ in wetter sites to −0.1‰ in dry areas, reflecting changes in soil respiration and CO₂ flux. δ13Coc values (−25.6‰ to −23.3‰) indicate dominant C₃ vegetation and exhibit a bimodal response to precipitation, increasing from arid to semiarid zones and decreasing in wetter forests. Oxygen isotopes in carbonate (δ1⁸Opc = −7.9‰ to −6.6‰) show limited climate sensitivity, reflecting precipitation mainly from the Caspian Sea with minimal evaporative enrichment. Overall, δ13Cpc, δ13Coc, and δ1⁸Opc provide robust proxies for soil moisture, vegetation structure, and water sources, supporting paleoenvironmental reconstruction in loess systems.

The Sauce Grande River Basin (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) presents a late Pliocene–Holocene sedimentary succession that preserves key evidence of Quaternary paleoenvironmental change in the southern Pampas. This study integrates stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleopedology, geochemistry, mineralogy, and stable isotope data to reconstruct paleoenvironmental evolution from the late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. Three paleosol types (Calcisols, Calcic Protosols, and Protosols) were identified and characterized through field descriptions, micromorphology, and molecular indices. Their development reflects shifts in landscape stability, sediment supply, and soil moisture regimes, consistent with glacioeustatic fluctuations and climatic oscillations during the late Plio-Pleistocene transition and the Quaternary. Stable isotope analyses of pedogenic carbonates reveal a trend from C₃-dominated vegetation under more humid conditions in the late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, to more arid Late Pleistocene–Holocene environments, with increased δ13C values indicating reduced vegetation density and a higher potential contribution of C₄ plants. These findings align with palynological and faunal evidence, highlighting the value of paleosols as sensitive indicators of environmental change. The multiproxy approach adopted here provides new insights into soil formation dynamics and Quaternary palaeoecological transitions in non-glaciated midlatitude settings of South America.

We present isotopic data from mammalian megafauna from the Jirau Paleontological Site (Itapipoca, Ceará State, Brazil) and Rio Miranda (Mato Grosso do Sul State), both located in the Brazilian Intertropical Region, dating to the Mid–Late Holocene. The isotopic composition (δ13C) of eight tooth fragments was determined for the following taxa: E. laurillardi, N. platensis, T. platensis, S. populator, X. bahiense, and P. major. Results indicate that the herbivorous taxa had mixed diets, consistent with deciduous to semi deciduous forest and wooded savannah environments. S. populator likely preyed upon herbivores with mixed diets and inhabited wooded savannahs. E. laurillardi, N. platensis, and T. platensis exhibited generalist feeding behavior with a high proportion of C₃ plants in their diet, associated with the fragmentation and reduction of open environments (savannah and wooded savannah) and the concurrent expansion of forested areas during the Holocene Climatic Optimum. X. bahiense and P. major exhibited browser-type diets in Itapipoca, suggesting adaptation to the expansion of deciduous and semi deciduous forests during the Holocene Climatic Optimum. By comparing isotopic data with paleoecological, palynological, and paleobiogeographical evidence, we infer that the Intertropical Region represented one of the last environmental refuges for extinct meso- and megamammal faunas during the Holocene.

Thirty packrat (Neotoma spp.) middens collected from boulder fields near Cataviña, Baja California, Mexico, at 640–680 m elevation provide the first long chronology of macrofossils and pollen spanning the late Quaternary in the Central Desert of Baja California. Midden plant macrofossil and pollen assemblages document a rich chaparral/woodland assemblage during the last glacial and early Holocene dominated by Parry pinyon (Pinus quadrifolia) and California juniper (Juniperus californica) until 11,630 cal yr BP. This indicates chaparral/woodland had a much more extensive distribution in what are now desert elevations in northern and central Baja California. In contrast to late glacial and early Holocene midden records from northeastern Baja, the Cataviña middens of the same age lack plants adapted to warm season precipitation, suggesting that decreased temperatures and evapotranspiration during the growing season and enhanced winter precipitation, with little contribution from summer rains, supported the lowering of chaparral/woodland species distributions in central Baja California. Cataviña middens also record endemic desert plant taxa mixed in with chaparral/woodland species during the Pleistocene, persisting throughout the Holocene, followed by the quick arrival of other desert species after ∼11,000 cal yr BP. Baja California remains a high-potential yet poorly sampled area for packrat midden research in North America.

Slack-water deposits are archives of paleoflood frequency, magnitude, and provenance. In the eastern Himalaya, deposits along the Siang River document Quaternary outburst megafloods originating from southeastern Tibet. Here we present new observations of slack-water deposits within aggradational terraces of the Siyom River, the Siang’s largest tributary. Terrace stratigraphy reveals distinct, regionally extensive sedimentary facies including laminated sands, clays, and detrital organic-rich deposits consistent with slack-water deposition from temporarily impounded waters. Radiocarbon dates from clay and organic horizons range from 34,020 to 10,630 cal yr BP, overlapping with age constraints for Tibetan paleolake deposits. Detrital zircon (U-Th)/Pb geochronology confirms a local source for the underlying fluvial facies, whereas event-deposit silts contain young zircons derived from Tibet, supporting their interpretation as megaflood deposits. This evidence, combined with the deposits’ temporal overlap with Tibetan paleolakes and distinctive slack-water sedimentology, demonstrates that event facies formed through megaflood backflooding sourced from southeastern Tibet. The results point to the likelihood of similar deposits in other tributaries, providing a framework for regional investigation. Our findings further show that megafloods in steep terrain can produce substantial deposition and terrace formation tens of kilometers upstream in tributaries—far beyond the main stem floodway—revealing an overlooked geomorphic imprint of extreme floods.