This review synthesizes recent advances in the discovery of schistosomicidal candidates, with particular emphasis on the medicinal chemistry of heterocyclic scaffolds and the identification of novel molecular targets. To this end, a contextual bibliometric assessment of the literature indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases was conducted, considering the chemical classes investigated, antiparasitic activity, parasite life stages evaluated, mechanistic evidence, biological targets explored, and the translational potential of the compounds. Overall, recent studies indicate that the discovery of new agents against Schistosoma mansoni still relies heavily on in vitro and in vivo phenotypic screening approaches. Nevertheless, target-based strategies have gained increasing prominence, particularly those focused on pathways essential for parasite survival, including epigenetic regulation, redox homeostasis, detoxification, nucleotide metabolism, tegument integrity, and neuromuscular function. Heterocyclic compounds, especially those containing nitrogen and sulphur atoms, have emerged as privileged scaffolds owing to their structural diversity, ease of chemical optimization, and ability to interact with multiple biological targets. The analysis also highlights the growing incorporation of computational chemistry, molecular modelling, and ADMET prediction tools in the prioritization of chemical series. Despite these advances, important gaps remain regarding the integration of structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, target validation, elucidation of mechanisms of action, evaluation across different stages of the parasite life cycle, pharmaceutical formulation development, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization. Strengthening these aspects is essential to translate promising compounds into clinically relevant candidates capable of overcoming the limitations of praziquantel-based therapy.

Protein conformational heterogeneity presents a major challenge for structure determination and structure-based inhibitor design, particularly for enzymes containing flexible or intrinsically disordered regions. X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM often capture only static conformations and frequently rely on truncated constructs that omit dynamic regions. Here, we integrate hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) with molecular docking and available crystal structures to investigate the solution-state conformational dynamics of the mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30. HDX-MS reveals dynamic features not resolved in crystal structures and shows that both covalent and non-covalent inhibitors bind the thumb-palm cleft of the catalytic domain through distinct binding modes. These interactions stabilize different conformational states of the regions surrounding switching (SL1) and blocking (BL1 and BL2) loops, providing mechanistic insight into inhibitor recognition and highlighting the value of HDX-MS for guiding DUB-targeted drug discovery.

Artificial intelligence (AI) holds immense promise for accelerating and improving all aspects of drug discovery, not least target discovery and validation. By integrating a diverse range of biological data modalities, AI enables the accurate prediction of drug target properties, ultimately illuminating biological mechanisms of disease and guiding drug discovery strategies. Despite the indisputable potential of AI in drug target discovery, there are many challenges and obstacles yet to be overcome, including dealing with data biases, model interpretability and generalisability, and the validation of predicted drug targets, to name a few. By exploring recent advancements in AI, this review showcases current applications of AI for drug target discovery and offers perspectives on the future of AI for the discovery and validation of drug targets, paving the way for the generation of novel and safer pharmaceuticals.

Target deconvolution can help understand how compounds exert therapeutic effects and can accelerate drug discovery by helping optimise safety and efficacy, revealing mechanisms of action, anticipate off-target effects and identifying opportunities for therapeutic expansion. Chemoproteomics, a combination of chemical biology with mass spectrometry has transformed target deconvolution. This review discusses modification-free chemoproteomic approaches that leverage the change in protein thermodynamics induced by small molecule ligand binding. Unlike modification-based methods relying on enriching specific protein targets, these approaches offer proteome-wide evaluations, driven by advancements in mass spectrometry sensitivity, increasing proteome coverage and quantitation methods. Advances in methods based on denaturation/precipitation by thermal or chemical denaturation, or by protease degradation are evaluated, emphasising the evolving landscape of chemoproteomics and its potential impact on future drug-development strategies.

Toxoplasmosis is a significant public health concern with limited therapeutic options. The medicines for malaria venture (MMV) developed the pandemic response box (PRB) containing 400 drug-like molecules with broad pathogen activity. The aim of this work is to evaluate PRB compounds for their anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity and identify promising candidates for further evaluation. Screening identified 42 selective compounds with half effective concentration (EC50) ranging from 2.4 to 913.1 nm and half cytotoxic concentration (CC50) ranging from 6 μm to >50 μm. Selectivity index (SI) values (CC50/EC50) ranged from 11 to 17 708. Based on its in silico and in vitro profile and its commercial availability, RWJ-67657 was selected for further studies. Molecular docking analysis showed RWJ-67657 is predicted to bind to T. gondii p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (TgMAPK). Oral administration of RWJ-67657 (20 mg kg day−1/10 days) significantly reduced parasite burden in chronically infected mice compared to mock-treated group (P < 0.01). These findings highlight the PRB as a promising source for anti-T. gondii compounds, with several showing favourable drug properties, including MMV1634492, MMV002731, MMV1634491, MMV1581551, MMV011565, MMV1581558, MMV1578577, MMV233495 and MMV1580482, firstly described here as anti-T. gondii agents. RWJ-67657 emerges as a valuable drug candidate for experimental chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis therapy.

Drug discovery uses high throughput screening to identify compounds that interact with a molecular target or that alter a phenotype favorably. The cautious selection of molecules used for such a screening is instrumental and is tightly related to the hit rate. In this work, we wondered if cell painting, a general-purpose image-based assay, could be used as an efficient proxy for compound selection, thus increasing the success rate of a specific assay. To this end, we considered cell painting images with 30,000 molecules treatments, and selected compounds that produced a visual effect close to the positive control of an assay, by using the Frechet Inception Distance. We then compared the hit rates of such a preselection with what was actually obtained in real screening campaigns. As a result, cell painting would have permitted a significant increase in the success rate and, even for one of the assays, would have allowed to reach 80% of the hits with 10 times fewer compounds to test. We conclude that images of a cell painting assay can be directly used for compound selection prior to screening, and we provide a simple quantitative approach in order to do so.

Parasitic nematodes devastate human and animal health. The limited number of anthelmintics available is concerning, especially because of increasing drug resistance. Anthelmintics are commonly derived from natural products, e.g. fungi and plants. This investigation aimed to develop a high-throughput whole organism screening method based on a motility assay using the wMicroTracker system. Anthelmintic activity of extracts from Hawaiian fungi was screened against third-stage larvae of the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, categorized according to the degree of motility reduction. Of the 108 crude samples and fractionated products, 48 showed some level of activity, with 13 reducing motility to 0–25% of the maximum exhibited, including two pure compounds, emethacin B and epicoccin E, neither previously known to exhibit anthelmintic properties. The process of bioassay-guided fractionation is illustrated in detail based on analysis of one of the crude extracts, which led to isolation of lamellicolic anhydride, a compound with moderate activity. This study validates the wMicroTracker system as an economical and high-throughput option for testing large suites of natural products against A. cantonensis, adds to the short list of diverse parasites for which it has been validated and highlights the value of A. cantonensis and Hawaiian fungi for discovery of new anthelmintics.

The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is the simplest animal model organism to work with. Substantial knowledge and tools have accumulated over 50 years of C. elegans research. The use of C. elegans relating to parasitic nematodes from a basic biology standpoint or an applied perspective has increased in recent years. The wealth of information gained on the model organism, the use of the powerful approaches and technologies that have advanced C. elegans research to parasitic nematodes and the enormous success of the omics fields have contributed to bridge the divide between C. elegans and parasite nematode researchers. We review key fields, such as genomics, drug discovery and genetics, where C. elegans and nematode parasite research have convened. We advocate the use of C. elegans as a model to study helminth metabolism, a neglected area ready to advance. How emerging technologies being used in C. elegans can pave the way for parasitic nematode research is discussed.

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania for which there is a paucity of effective viable non-toxic drugs. There are 1·3 million new cases each year causing considerable socio-economic hardship, best measured in 2·4 million disability adjusted life years, with greatest impact on the poorest communities, which means that desperately needed new antileishmanial treatments have to be both affordable and accessible. Established medicines with cheaper and faster development times may hold the cure for this neglected tropical disease. This concept of using old drugs for new diseases may not be novel but, with the ambitious target of controlling or eradicating tropical diseases by 2020, this strategy is still an important one. In this review, we will explore the current state-of-the-art of drug repurposing strategies in the search for new treatments for leishmaniasis.

New drugs against Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis, are urgently needed to replace the highly toxic and largely ineffective therapies currently used. The trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) is an essential and unique mitochondrial protein in these parasites and is absent from mammalian mitochondria, making it an attractive drug target. The structure and function of the protein are now well characterized, with several inhibitors reported in the literature, which show potential as clinical drug candidates. In this review, we provide an update on the functional activity and structural aspects of TAO. We then discuss TAO inhibitors reported to date, problems encountered with in vivo testing of these compounds, and discuss the future of TAO as a therapeutic target.

Marine organisms possess the capacity to produce a variety of unique and biologically potent natural products for treating human diseases, many of which are currently commercially available or are in advanced clinical trials. Here we provide a short review on progress in the field and discuss a case study of an EU-funded project, PharmaSea, which aims to discover novel products for the treatment of infections, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Research in this sector is opening new doors for harnessing the potential of marine natural products with pharmaceutical properties.

Neuropsychiatry, like many other biomedical sciences, has been revolutionized by the advances in genomic technologies over the years. The advent of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and the sequencing of the human genome have provided invaluable insights into the molecular genetics of the various psychiatric disorders through the study of candidate genes and linkage analyses. However, biological phenotype is dictated by protein expression, which has been shown to stray from the genetic blueprint designated by the genome. Consequently, the field of proteomics has recently emerged as a powerful means of exploring protein structure, function, and expression patterns. The ability to study disease at the gene and protein levels presents a tremendous opportunity for neuropsychiatric research, particularly in terms of the potential for developing therapeutic agents for novel protein targets.

Open science is a new concept for the practice of experimental laboratory-based research, such as drug discovery. The authors have recently gained experience in how to run such projects and here describe some straightforward steps others may wish to take towards more openness in their own research programmes. Existing and inexpensive online tools can solve many challenges, while some psychological barriers to the free sharing of all data and ideas are more substantial.