Phosphorus mining has devastated Indigenous lifeways on the Pacific Islands of Nauru, Banaba, and the Republic of Kiribati. This chapter explains why the colonial impact of phosphate mining and contemporary planetary concerns over food security must attend to how Indigenous peoples were severed from their ways of knowing and relating to lands and waters through western economic and cultural imposition. It situates the planetary boundaries and efforts in global food security with respect to achieving restorative futures that do not reproduce logics of violence and dispossession. Using materials and images from a recent exhibition, the chapter challenges us to think anew about how stories of phosphate circulate beyond academic appraisals or scientific assessments, and among families and communities to whom justice is owed.

The chapter overviews the development of foreign language phonological acquisition studies in the Natural Phonology/Linguistics perspective, as started and inspired by the works of Donegan and Stampe. First, we examine the unsuppression of a phonological process within the innateness hypothesis, in which latent processes remain available for L2 acquisition. We show that different views on how phonology is acquired in L2 and L3 depend on the approach to the role of phonological processes in acquisition. We review the idea of “repair,” that is, the undoing of an L1 process in perception of an L2 sound(s), resulting in the accented production in L2. Further, we review compatible research and explore the transition from SLA to Cross-Linguistic Influence via interest in L3. We report on recent proposals modeling acquisition of L2/L3 phonology, including the Natural Growth Theory of Acquisition, inspired by NP and drawing insights from other theories. These developments reflect a new perspective of CLI in the acquisition studies. Finally, we point to related avenues of research outside of phonology which approximate NP-grounded perspective and constitute “a proof of concept” for the NP theory.

Chapter 5 layers in investigation of notions of empire and longevity, examined here through the lens of more mundane and pervasive structures—its streets and public highways—to reckon with the attenuated and amalgamated temporalities that these infrastructures construct through the accumulation of large- and small-scale acts of maintenance and repair and the referencing of those interventions by milestone monuments in the extra-urban landscape.

Compared to the diversity of languages, the ways they are used in informal conversation shows striking uniformity: there is a presumption of cooperation, a principle of taking brief turns at speaking, a recipe for repairing misunderstandings, and a simple but recursive structuring of conversation.

Cleft lip and palate is a relatively common congenital condition presenting for surgical correction. Anaesthetic management has some specific considerations involving airway surgery in infants and young children who may have other associated anomalies. Surgical care pathway and approaches are discussed as relevant to anaesthesiologists. Perioperative management, including preassessment of the child, optimisation prior to surgery, intraoperative and postoperative care, is presented. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach, good communication, shared airway management and adequate multimodal analgesia with the avoidance of respiratory depression are highlighted. Anaesthesia for secondary speech surgery is also presented.

The investigation of singular practices and actions is the bedrock of Conversation Analysis (CA), yet it is not the only approach that CA research can take. This chapter poses a series of analytic questions designed to guide the analyst’s attention towards a complementary mode of analysis, one which takes as its object of study not a singular practice but rather a system of practices, alternative solutions to a recurrent problem of social organization. While this approach has been employed to greatest effect in research on generic organizations of interaction, the analytic techniques are themselves generic and applicable across domains of action. Rather than select a practice or action and ask what forms it can take or what environments it can inhabit, conversation analysts can instead select a problem, an exigency of social interaction, and ask how participants solve it. Alternative practices and actions naturally cluster around the organizational problems to which they serve as possible solutions, and it is this endogenous organization that CA research aims to document. The chapter sketches out and illustrates a range of analytic techniques that conversation analysts have employed in past research and can employ again to discover and investigate organizations of practice.

This chapter describes the process of building a collection, using the example of other-initiated repairs resolved by repetition. The phenomenon under investigation is shown in the following example: 1. A: you in the bathroom?2. B: huh?3. A: you in the bathroom? The focus of the chapter is more on the way in which the collection evolved and less on the analytic process. Lessons learned from building a collection as well as the strengths of this particular collection are discussed. The chapter also discusses the importance of linking linguistic phenomena, e.g. repetition, to social practices, e.g. other-initiated repair. It argues that tightly constrained collections can allow a clear demonstration of connections between linguistic forms and interactional practices. The chapter stresses how building a collection and conducting an analysis of it can be messy. The methodical process of setting a question, collecting just the right data to answer it, and discovering the answer, is the story we usually tell in our publications. This chapter instead tries to illuminate and illustrate just how rocky the path to completion can be.

Chapter 3 explores how European institutions have (re)imagined consumption, and consumers, as part of the changing imaginaries of prosperity. It does so by exploring systematically the discursive shifts behind the European Union’s consumer policies over the past fifty years, identifying how the changing imaginaries of economy, government, law, politics and nature have produced different imaginaries of consumers and consumption. After the long arc of the dominance of neoliberal imaginaries of prosperity and consumption, we have witnessed more recently a gradual shift in the background understanding of political economy. The emergent imaginary of prosperity shares some elements with the previous ‘welfare state’ imaginaries of prosperity and consumption, such as the return of the language of ‘protection’. But it also incorporates entirely new preoccupations such as repair, longevity, maintenance, circularity, and sharing, all the while embracing a more expanded, ‘holistic’ understanding of consumer interests.

Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface contains ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the UVB (~295–315 nm) and UVA (315–400 nm) wavebands. Currently, atmospheric ozone removes shorter, more damaging UV radiation and reduces levels of UVB, but before the formation of the ozone layer, UV radiation levels would have been higher, while the recent ‘ozone hole’ increased UV radiation. UV radiation is strongly attenuated in water, but aquatic organisms can be damaged to extents that depend on the species and conditions. The targets of damage include proteins in the photosystems of photosynthesis, DNA and oxidative damage caused by the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Defence against damage involves the production of new proteins, repair to the DNA and the production of antioxidants. UV stress interacts, positively and negatively, with other environmental changes such as rising temperature and CO2, ocean acidification and nutrient stress. Further research is needed to forecast responses to future environmental change.

How do children process language as they get older? Is there continuity in the functions assigned to specific structures? And what changes in their processing and their representations as they acquire more language? They appear to use bracketing (finding boundaries), reference (linking to meanings), and clustering (grouping units that belong together) as they analyze the speech stream and extract recurring units, word classes, and larger constructions. Comprehension precedes production. This allows children to monitor and repair production that doesn’t match the adult forms they have represented in memory. Children also track the frequency of types and tokens; they use types in setting up paradigms and identifying regular versus irregular forms. Amount of experience with language, (the diversity of settings) plus feedback and practice, also accounts for individual differences in the paths followed during acquisition. Ultimately, models of the process of acquisition need to incorporate all this to account for how acquisition takes place.

Conversation Analysis (CA) is a major contributing discipline to the study of language use and social action in context. Originating in the discipline of sociology, it forms the basis for the burgeoning field of interactional linguistics. This chapter offers an overview of major themes in the field. Beginning with a brief discussion of the intellectual background of the field, the chapter sketches three distinctive levels of analysis: sequential organization, practices of turn construction, and the organization of these practices as sets of resources for dealing with recurrent problems in the social organization of interaction. Sections of the chapter deal with sequence organization, preference, turn design, the fitting of talk to specific contexts and recipients (recipient design), progressivity, multimodality, and interaction in the context of specific social institutions such as medicine, legal discourse, and news conferences.

The question of how translation can do justice is not about seeking equivalence but of acknowledging that translation is, following Spivak, insufficient but necessary nonetheless. I suggest that in asking what kind of justice translation might do, the term translation is carried across (trans-latio) from its technical or formal to its ethical-political dimensions, and the term justice is shifted from the terrain of the quest for parity or alikeness (eye for an eye) to the terrain of repair, dignity, care, responsibility, a justice on terms that are yet to be ascertained. This makes translation into a critical concept in theatre and performance, where, perhaps more than in any other art form, there is a systemic concern with how humans relate to each other and to non-human others.

This chapter studies the codicological and textual repairs readers made to perfect perceived lacunae in Chaucer manuscripts. Its argument is that readers privileged ideas of the complete Chaucerian text inherited from print and thus looked to print to supply text that was wanting. The chapter focusses on the modifications which early modern book owners made to repair and complete manuscripts in their torn or incomplete state – achieved by filling blank space and adding replacement leaves copied from print. Readers of Chaucer encountered in the chapter include John Stow (1524/25–1605), Joseph Holland (d. 1605), the clergyman John Barkham (1571/2–1642), and the Norfolk antiquary Thomas Martin (1696/7–1771). Their activities of mending older volumes and filling in blanks reveal them as active participants in the appraisal, remaking, and repair of Chaucer’s oldest books with the intention of preserving them intact. The chapter also considers the moral freight of the adjectives that have historically been used to describe bibliographical incompleteness: ‘mutilated’, ‘wanting’, ‘defective’, and ‘imperfect’.