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David Frayman, London School of Economics and Political Science,Christian Krekel, London School of Economics and Political Science,Richard Layard, London School of Economics and Political Science,Sara MacLennan, London School of Economics and Political Science,Isaac Parkes, London School of Economics and Political Science
Roughly one in five children (aged 5–18) has a diagnosable and treatable mental disorder. But specialist services are overstrained. So in 2017 the government set up a school-based version of NHS Talking Therapies for children falling below the threshold for specialist services. It is called Mental Health Support Teams in schools.
In this chapter, we evaluate this service and show the treatment has the potential to pay for itself within two years. But this depends on wider treatment of behavioural disorders, by such well-known treatments as parent training (e.g. Incredible Years).
Children with CHD may experience psychosocial difficulties, while their parents may face caregiving demands. Within the family system, children’s life satisfaction and parental burnout may be interconnected, as children’s psychosocial well-being and parents’ experiences of the parenting role may be associated with the functioning and well-being of the family as a whole. However, the relationship between children’s life satisfaction and parental burnout remains unclear. This study aimed to assess life satisfaction in children with CHD and examine its relationship with parental burnout.
Methods:
This descriptive correlational cross-sectional study included 234 children with CHD aged 8–13 years and one parent attending a paediatric cardiology outpatient clinic in İstanbul, Türkiye, during November 2023–February 2024. Children’s life satisfaction and parental burnout were assessed using the Satisfaction with Life Scale adapted for Children and Parental Burnout Assessment. Pearson correlation analysis examined their relationship, and differences according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were assessed using independent samples t-tests and one-way analysis of variance.
Results:
Mean Satisfaction with Life Scale adapted for Children and mean Parental Burnout Assessment scores were 17.32 ± 1.75 and 17.43 ± 6.19, respectively. Neither life satisfaction nor parental burnout differed according to examined child, parent, or family characteristics (all p > 0.05). No association was found between life satisfaction and parental burnout (r = −0.087, p = 0.185), and life satisfaction was not significantly correlated with any Parental Burnout Assessment subscale.
Conclusions:
Children’s life satisfaction was not significantly associated with parental burnout in this sample of children with CHD. Further research should examine individual, family, and disease-related factors associated with life satisfaction and parental well-being.
Privileges are generally disfavored as impeding the truth. But in this chapter, I propose a novel way to think of privilege altogether: privilege as a means of resistance, a tool to oppose unjust systems and laws. Current privilege scholarship essentially assumes faith in the adversarial legal system and the interest in soliciting, collecting, and admitting all available evidence. This assumption implicitly accepts that the adversarial system is valid, and the substantive law that privilege limits is also valid. However, if we question the legitimacy of the adversarial system and the substantive laws it upholds, the cost-benefit analysis shifts. Privilege could serve as an instrument of resistance by prioritizing the preservation of relationships over the legal system’s pursuit of truth.
Parents play a key role in adolescent licensure in the United States, particularly for those with children diagnosed with CHD. Many seek strategies to facilitate discussions about driving safety, yet limited research on parental perceptions restricts resources available for these conversations.
Purpose:
This study examined parental perspectives on barriers and facilitators to safe, independent driving among adolescents with CHD and impacts of CHD on family driving experiences.
Methods:
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 parents of adolescents with CHD (93% mothers), and key themes were identified using conventional content analysis.
Results:
Two themes emerged: (1) parents see driving as a pivotal step towards adolescent independence, leading to both anticipation and apprehension; (2) driving introduces challenges specific to adolescence that may not be evident earlier. Ninety-seven percent of parents reported their adolescent had no current or expected driving restrictions, consistent with reports from parents of adolescents without CHD.
Conclusions:
Parents perceived minimal CHD impact on driving, but concerns such as fatigue, cognitive effects, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were revealed often intensifying during adolescence and unrecognised. Provider-led discussions addressing driving readiness, CHD, and other health issues can support families during transition from adolescence to adulthood.
Interventions that support parental delivery of ethnic and racial socialization (ERS) have crucial implications for racially and ethnically minoritized families given that ERS provides cultural pride and resilience and helps youth prepare for potential experiences of discrimination. In this chapter, we begin by tracing the evolution of ERS theory and research, highlighting opportunities for using conceptual knowledge and empirical work to develop and implement ERS interventions. We next review the literature to highlight how ERS, in terms of both content and process, contributes to youth and family outcomes. We then describe existing ERS interventions that have focused on Black/African American and Latinx families, including a brief discussion of our own program, One Talk at a Time, which is the only ERS intervention to date that targets multiple ethnic and racial groups. We conclude with a discussion of current knowledge gaps and concrete recommendations for advancing intervention science.
The diagnosis of CHD not only affects the patient but also their entire environment, including parents, causing significant alterations in their mental health. This study was to assess the levels of anxiety and depression in parents of children with CHD at different stages of the disease.
Methods:
The PMNCC and PMNCR questionnaires were administered to parents of children with CHD to measure levels of state anxiety (STAI-E) and trait anxiety (STAI-R).
Results:
A total of 459 questionnaires were administered. For the state anxiety questionnaire (STAI-E), the mean score was 36, with high anxiety levels observed in 81.3% of participants and above-average levels in 18.7%. Regarding the severity of state anxiety, 82.6% presented severe anxiety, followed by moderate anxiety in 17.2%. For the trait anxiety questionnaire (STAI-R), the mean score was 43, with high levels observed in 91.5% of participants and above-average levels in 7.2%. Severe anxiety predominated in 96.7% of cases.
Conclusions:
The mental health of parents of children with CHD is often neither diagnosed nor adequately addressed in a timely manner by paediatric cardiology teams. Assessment and support from a multidisciplinary team are required for the early identification of these conditions.
Advances in cardiology and cardiac surgery have significantly improved survival rates among children with CHD, but these gains come with the need for long-term care that heavily involves parents. Understanding their life situation is essential for delivering effective family-centred and holistic healthcare. The study aimed to assess the life situation of parents of children with CHD in relation to sociodemographic factors and to explore their sources of support, emotional experiences, and the role of spirituality in coping.
Materials and method:
A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 117 parents of children with CHD in the Slovak Republic. Data was collected between December 2024 and January 2025 using the standardised questionnaire Life Situation of Caregivers/Parents of Children with CHD and/or Other Cardiac Diseases.
Results:
Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that lower parental education and a history of cardiac surgeries in the child were associated with lower scores on the life situation scale. Conversely, a higher number of previous hospitalisations was linked to higher scores (p < 0.05). The most reported emotions related to the child’s illness were fear (94.87%), sadness (67.52%), and anger (38.46%). Family members were identified as the primary source of support.
Conclusions:
These results highlight the need to identify parents at heightened psychosocial risk, particularly those with lower education and those whose children have undergone cardiac surgeries. In clinical practice, family support should be supplemented with structured psychological interventions as part of comprehensive care for families of children with CHD.
When most of the world’s parliaments were created, women could not vote or be elected. Correspondingly, parliaments’ rules and infrastructure as well expectations of parliamentarians’ (MPs) performance were designed around masculine standards, including the assumption that MPs had no caretaking responsibilities. Scholars seeking explanations for women’s underrepresentation argue that parliaments remain unwelcoming to those with caretaking roles. As long as women continue to bear disproportionate household obligations, increasing women’s presence in elected office requires parliaments to adopt reforms to accommodate parents. We surveyed members of Germany’s national and state parliaments about their attitudes towards parenthood and politics and support for various parenthood accommodations. We find that gender rather than being a parent shapes how politicians perceive the challenge of reconciling politics and parenthood. But shared experiences among women do not automatically produce similar attitudes about policies to make parliaments family friendly. Party ideology and gender both predict support for parliamentary reforms.
Parental severe mental illnesses (SMIs), including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder (MDD), can impact children’s well-being, yet existing meta-analyses are limited in scope and methodology and do not comprehensively assess cognitive and academic performance in offspring across SMIs. This meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the existing evidence on the association between parental SMIs and offspring cognitive and academic performance. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched from their inception to December 2025. We included studies assessing associations between parental SMIs and offspring cognitive/academic performance at any age, including attention, memory, language, executive function, processing speed, IQ, social cognition, and academic performance. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) between offspring of parents with SMIs and controls were calculated. Differences in cognitive performance between affected offspring and controls were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses, with robust variance estimation. The meta-analysis included 109 studies (1,586,339 participants). Parental schizophrenia was strongly associated with several cognitive domains, including general cognition (SMD = −1.07, 95% CI: −1.92, −0.22), language (−0.70; −1.20, −0.20), and IQ (−0.53; −0.72, −0.34). Parental bipolar disorder was associated with general cognition (SMD = −0.45, 95% CI = −0.79, −0.12), memory (−0.40; −0.60, −0.19), executive function (−0.34; −0.51, −0.16), IQ (−0.32; −0.48, −0.17), and language (−0.18, 95% CI -0.34, −0.02). Parental MDD showed weaker but statistically significant associations with executive function, general cognition, and language development. Children of parents with SMIs, particularly schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, are at increased risk of cognitive difficulties. Population-level early intervention strategies targeting these families may improve offspring’s cognitive performance.
The Family Adaptation study, ancillary to the Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial, examined the prevalence of anxiety and its associations with stress, psychosocial factors, and quality of life measures in parents of infants who underwent the Norwood procedure.
Materials and methods:
Two hundred and fifteen parents (143 mothers and 72 fathers) of 146 infants completed state anxiety (State Anxiety Inventory), stress, psychosocial, and quality of life measures post-Norwood, post-Stage II, and at a final visit (median child age: 14 months).
Results:
A substantial proportion of parents reported severe anxiety symptoms following the Norwood surgery, with 61% of mothers and 43% of fathers affected, decreasing over time to 46% and 33% by the final visit, respectively. Mothers’ average STAI-S scores were significantly higher than fathers’ post-Norwood (47.7 ± 13.2 versus 43.5 ± 11.8, p = 0.03), declining to 42.1 ± 13.0 versus 39.0 ± 9.6 (p = 0.14) at the final visit. Stress related to parenting a child with a serious illness was a stronger and more consistent predictor of mothers’ anxiety over time (highest R2 = 0.49 for emotional distress), whereas insufficient coping and fewer protective factors were greater and more consistent predictors for fathers (highest R2 = 0.40 for mastery and health). Quality of life was a consistent predictor of state anxiety for both mothers and fathers.
Conclusion:
Anxiety is elevated in parents of infants who underwent the Norwood procedure and is influenced by a complex interplay of stress, psychosocial factors, and quality of life. Addressing these factors is crucial for improving parents’ mental health, which in turn promotes the well-being of the entire family.
This chapter examines the impact of education policy on students, parents, caregivers, and teachers. This chapter argues that ‘big policy’ in education tends to operate under a market-based logic that has been described as ‘neoliberal’. Adopting a more nuanced and ‘problematising’ approach to policy, this chapter explores the nature and effects of policy in education in relation to its valorisation of market principles such as ‘choice’ and ‘competition’. It also explores the nature and effects of such policy as it seeks to regulate the performance of teachers and schools. Underpinning the discussion is the philosophical notion that policy not only addresses and solves ‘problems’ in education and schooling as it does ‘produce’ those problems in the first place. In this respect, policy can be understood as implicitly linked to programs of governance.
To explore the effect of parental presence on the recovery period of paediatric patients undergoing general anaesthesia for snoring surgery.
Methods
Forty-two paediatric patients who underwent snoring surgery were randomly divided into control and observation groups. The control group received routine nursing intervention, while the observation group allowed either the father or mother to enter the recovery room immediately after the child was awake and extubated, in addition to the routine nursing intervention.
Results
Paediatric anaesthesia emergence delirium score during the recovery period was significantly lower in the observation group than the control group. The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability score during the recovery period was also significantly lower in the observation group. Parental satisfaction with nursing was significantly higher in the observation group.
Conclusion
Immediate parental presence can effectively alleviate insecurity, reduce pain, decrease crying and restlessness of paediatric patients, and improve parental satisfaction with nursing.
There is an increasing attention for youth social work professionals to collaborate with volunteers, parents, and other professionals. Collaboration can contribute to positive outcomes for youth. The present study contributes to understanding differences in the extent to which youth social work professionals collaborate with volunteers, parents, and other professionals. The survey was conducted with Dutch professionals working in youth care (n = 112), education (n = 67), and youth work (n = 89). Index for Interdisciplinary Collaboration was used to assess interdependence in and reflection on the collaboration process. Significant differences were found in the extent to which professionals working in different fields experience interdependence and reflection on the collaboration process with different partners. Future researchers should be aware that the degree to which professionals collaborate with others might depend on the context, work field, and the collaboration partner. Youth social work professionals and local governments can use this study to identify strong and weak collaborative partnerships in order to better organize collaboration between different partners with the final aim of improving support of young people.
Existing datasets provided by statistical agencies (e.g. Eurostat) show that the economic and financial crisis that unfolded in 2008 significantly impacted the lives and livelihoods of young people across Europe. Taking these official statistics as a starting point, the collaborative research project “Cultural Pathways to Economic Self-Sufficiency and Entrepreneurship in Europe” (CUPESSE) generated new survey data on the economic and social situation of young Europeans (18–35 years). The CUPESSE dataset allows for country-comparative assessments of young people’s perceptions about their socio-economic situation. Furthermore, the dataset includes a variety of indicators examining the socio-economic situation of both young adults and their parents. In this data article, we introduce the CUPESSE dataset to political and social scientists in an attempt to spark a debate on the measurements, patterns and mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of economic self-sufficiency as well as its political implications.
In “Parental Love and Filial Equality,” Giacomo Floris and Riccardo Spotorno offer an explanation for why parents should treat their children as equals. The authors argue that this moral obligation is grounded in parents’ duty to love their children in an attitudinal, though not necessarily emotional, sense. This duty, they contend, requires them to disregard variations in their children’s status-conferring properties, as long as those properties meet a minimum threshold. This article argues that this account of filial equal treatment has serious shortcomings. In its place, it proposes a more outcome-oriented or consequentialist account.
Artists can have a wide variety of relationships with their parents. We have already discussed supportive relationships. Sometimes, artists have parents who are simply uninterested. Other times, they have parents who are worried about their child’s ability to support themselves if they pursue the arts. In these cases, most parents could be won over by their child’s hard work and passion; if not, a taste of success was usually enough to win over a hesitant parent.
Parents can help their children develop into an artist. Some people are lucky enough to have parents who are supportive right from the start. In this chapter, artists share their experiences with their parents and how that has shaped their artistry. Some artists even had artistic parents who served as role models.
An artist’s entire family can help nurture and mentor them. This can include grandparents and siblings. In this chapter, artists share their experiences with extended family. Sometimes, supportive family members can make up for less supportive parents; other times, it can be a full familial unit that helps a young artist.
This chapter looks at local priests and their kinship relations, as recorded chiefly in archives from what is today France. The historiographical focus in this area has been on priests and their wives, but this chapter instead begins with priests and their parents, with a special focus on their mothers. The chapter then turns to priests and their children and wives, and the evidence for how priests made arrangements for these relatives, before turning to their uncles and nephews. The chapter concludes with a study of priests’ families as church owners. Overall, it argues that priests’ kinship ties were not noticeably different from those of the laity, with the possible exception of relations with their mothers, and that change in how these priests feature in charters from the mid eleventh century could be due to shifts in documentary practice.
The importance of effective communication between the adults in the lives of children and young people has gained prominence in theory, policy and practice, and throughout the different contexts in which students participate. In educational contexts throughout the world, it has been well established that the best outcomes occur for children and youth when the adults in their lives come together to support them. Communication is at the core of interaction and provides the building blocks for positive relationships to emerge and develop. Such relationships enhance learning and support students, their families and teachers to recognise and reach their full potential. The field of communication offers some sound insight into effective communication between adults, including different models that aid in developing a better understanding about the complex nature of communication in education-based settings.