Unpaid carers face significant financial risks, yet how caring shapes financial wellbeing (FWB) over time has been poorly understood. Drawing on qualitative research with fifty unpaid carers in Britain, purposively sampled across age, life stage, gender, caring intensity and socio-economic status, this paper applies and extends an ecological framework of FWB for the first time in a care context. It makes three contributions. First, it provides original empirical evidence showing that the financial consequences of caregiving are cumulative, uneven and experienced differently across the life course. Second, it develops a life course conceptualisation of carer FWB, highlighting dynamic interactions between individual circumstances, family situations and work, welfare and care systems. Third, it reframes policy debates by demonstrating how care costs are systematically individualised, making structural life stage sensitive interventions essential. Effective policy responses must therefore reflect carers’ differing needs across the life course and address cumulative financial risks. This includes support with saving and affordable housing for young adult carers; clearer pension information and protection from long term care related employment breaks in mid life; and more generous, flexible benefits and trusted care services. Our conceptualisation has international relevance in contexts where reliance on unpaid care is high, and formal support remains limited.

This study examines how Moroccan households mobilize intergenerational solidarity during recurring economic shocks (COVID-19 and inflation) and argues that family life constitutes a key site of informal Environmental and Sustainability Education (ESE), where everyday routines cultivate learning about resource management, care and collective problem-solving. Addressing a gap in ESE/ESD research on crisis-time family learning, we analyse how informal support both enables and constrains sustainability-oriented action competence beyond schooling. The study adopts a qualitative design combining 65 semi-structured interviews, ethnographic observations and household document analysis across 28 urban and rural families (Fès–Meknès region). Data were analysed through a grounded theory approach and interpreted using an integrated lens of family resilience, capability theory, gender analysis and action competence (critical understanding, participatory/practical skills and individual/collective efficacy). Findings reveal three dominant solidarity configurations: (1) extended parental support to adult children, (2) reciprocal cohabitation shaped by gendered expectations and (3) remittance transfers from young migrants to older relatives. These mechanisms function as informal pedagogies of sustainability (repair–reuse routines, budgeting trade-offs, neighbourhood mutual-aid governance) that strengthen household resilience, yet also generate emotional fatigue, uneven caregiving burdens and gendered inequalities. We show how solidarity operates as both social protection and a pathway for uneven capability conversion, along gender lines. The paper concludes with implications for ESE/ESD actors and policy makers to support family-based learning ecologies while advancing care justice and equitable role redistribution. We propose “intergenerational solidarity resilience” as a concept for analysing how informal solidarities generate – and unevenly distribute – capabilities for sustainability-oriented action.

Despite shifting attitudes towards men taking up unpaid work, there remains a persistent gender gap in informal caregiving for older adults. We investigate how individual gender role attitudes of women and men influence their provision of care to parents and whether this relationship is moderated by the national context. Using data from the Generations and Gender Survey and logistic regressions with country-fixed effects to a sample of nine European countries, we find that individual gender egalitarian views correspond with a significant decreased likelihood of providing care among women, but not with an increased probability among men. While we find some support for the moderating effect of country contexts for women, their role in increasing male involvement in care appears to be limited. Changing behaviours through shifts in individual gender role attitudes alone may not be sufficient to bring about greater gender equality in care for older people.

The monetary value of informal eldercare in the family and voluntary sector has drawn much attention as it concerns a resource of welfare governments and nonprofit organizations try to activate via cash benefits. Studies addressing the issue in order to assess the economic impact of non-market activities and the willingness to accept financial rewards have largely ignored differences in the utility function of caregivers. Applying a behavioral-economic approach, we report a profound and formerly unobserved distinction between care in the household and non-household care for a family member or in a voluntary framework: whereas caregivers within the household perceive care as a burden and a positive shadow price arises, in the non-household context—and particularly in the volunteering case–care extends well-being and leads to negative shadow prices. The results show that non-market activities can only be measured in monetary terms to a limited extent and contribute to explaining the boundaries of monetary incentive policies.

Understanding the nature of informal care received by older adults, particularly from adult children, is increasingly important. Existing research has largely overlooked the diversity of care and support received by older adults. To address this gap, we draw on data from Wave 7 (2015–2017) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study to identify patterns of parental care receipt from adult children. Latent class analysis identified three classes and stratifying these classes according to whether older adults reported care needs revealed five groups: (1) comprehensive receivers, who receive high levels of support from their adult children across all care and support tasks; (2) moderate receivers with care needs, who primarily receive support with domestic tasks and report limitations in daily functioning; (3) moderate receivers without care needs, who receive the same patterns of support but without reported functional limitations; (4) low receivers with care needs, who receive minimal support from their adult children across care tasks but report limitations in daily functioning; (5) low receivers without care needs, those who don’t report functional limitations and receive minimal support. Multinomial logistic regression showed that comprehensive receivers were more likely to be older and living alone, whereas low receivers without care needs were younger and more likely to live with a partner. These patterns help identify groups of older adults at varying levels of vulnerability in meeting their future care needs, providing evidence to support policy makers in planning and evaluating care provision for an ageing population.

This study examined the association between supportive and adverse aspects of the child–parent relationship in childhood (parental understanding and exposure to parental physical abuse, respectively) and providing care to a parent with health limitations among middle-aged and older adults. It explores whether these associations vary across broad macro-geographical regions, through the prism of the Informal Care Model. Data were drawn from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), Waves 7 and 9. The subsamples comprised respondents aged 50 years and older, 2,970 with an unhealthy mother and 890 with an unhealthy father. The degree of maternal understanding in childhood was positively associated with providing care to a mother, but not to a father. Frequency of parental physical abuse (for mothers and fathers) was unrelated to providing care. Interaction analyses indicated regional variations in associations between maternal physical abuse and providing care to mothers, and between paternal understanding and providing care to fathers. Taken together, providing care was more strongly associated with childhood relationship characteristics in regions typically characterized by more established long-term care policies and weaker familistic norms. The findings underscore the need to support adult children care-givers, particularly those who perceived their childhood relationship with their parent as negative. Support efforts may be especially important in contexts where care-giving relies more heavily on family resources and formal long-term care is more limited. Further research should focus on differences in the mechanisms linking early parent–child relationships to care-giving for mothers versus fathers.

Informal care-giving studies have largely ignored how gender and labour force participation intersect to shape filial support across diverse national contexts over time. In particular, comparative longitudinal research that explores care-giving intensity in relation to adult children’s employment status and gender remains scarce. This study addresses this gap by developing a typology of filial support and examining how care-giving patterns vary by gender and labour force participation across different country clusters in Europe and Israel.

Drawing on longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we apply latent Markov models and multi-level latent class analysis to identify seven distinct filial support states, ranging from no support to very intense support. We also classify 28 countries into three clusters based on levels of involvement in filial support: low, moderate and high.

Our findings indicate significant disparities based on gender and employment status, with daughters tending to provide more intensive support than sons, even when employed. Unemployed sons in countries with moderate involvement in filial support were three times more likely to provide intensive care compared to their counterparts in countries characterized by low or higher involvement. These variations suggest that support to ageing parents is deeply shaped by gendered employment opportunities and cultural care-giving norms.

This complexity underscores the necessity for nuanced policy approaches to support care-givers effectively, considering both gender inequalities and employment contexts. Recognizing these intricate patterns of informal care can inform targeted interventions, ultimately addressing the care-giving burden within ageing societies more effectively.

To what extent should workers in physically demanding jobs be given the possibility of earlier retirement? This is one of the many pressing pension reform issues that ageing societies face. This article examines the extent to which such special treatment is supported by the general public. We uniquely combine a representative survey (2,136 respondents) with a vignette study to explore what respondents in the Netherlands consider a fair public pension age for 29 jobs that differ by level of physical demand. We also examine whether these pension ages are associated with other attributes that are important in an ageing society, such as the presence of chronic health conditions and informal care-giving responsibilities – such attributes may affect support for the special provisions for workers in physically demanding jobs – and control for stereotypical views about older workers. The findings reveal notable differences in public pension ages, indicating that workers in highly physically demanding jobs should be given the opportunity to retire earlier and those working in physically ‘light’ jobs should work slightly beyond the standard public pension age. We compare these differences to existing special retirement programmes for physically demanding or arduous jobs. Interestingly, non-work factors – namely, chronic health conditions and care-giving responsibilities – weigh more heavily in deciding a fair or reasonable public pension age. This suggests that organizations and policy makers facing an ageing society will have to deal with a broader set of problems than can be solved by offering early retirement programmes for specific jobs.

Informal care for older people living with chronic life-limiting illnesses is associated with difficulties. The informal care system built around generational values and cultural norms is steadily weakening in rural Ghana because of economic challenges, migration, urbanisation, and changing family structure. In responding to this knowledge gap, we aimed to ascertain how the immediate family, extended family and community support impact on mechanisms underlying provision of informal care for older people living with chronic life-limiting illnesses. Ethnographic interviews were conducted amongst fifteen older people; fifteen informal caregivers; ten health care professionals, after participatory observations during six months of fieldwork utilised to gather the needed data. This study is guided by altruism, empathy, responsibility, self-interest, and social values theories, which provide a very significant structure to understand care relations in rural Ghana. While we find that informal care is sustained by cultural values, it is experiencing financial and human resource challenges.

The article examines informal carers’ experiences of co-producing care, combining notions of carer roles with the strategies used by carers in their interactions and negotiations with the health and social services. The aim is to contribute to the theoretical understanding of carers’ role in co-production. On the basis of interviews with carers with a wide range of experiences, we find that they wish to be treated as co-producers, but their roles and impact depend on whether they are tasked with co-producing knowledge or co-producing care. In knowledge production, informal carers are encouraged to take active part and use their voice to further the interests and values of the person in need of support. However, their impact is conditional on their initiatives being recognised by formal caregivers and, to some extent, the person in need of support. In providing care, their efforts largely go unnoticed, and they are less likely to make their voices heard, but their room to manoeuvre appears to be greater. However, when the work of carers is not recognised, formal carers forego resources that are important to the quality and effectiveness of care. The findings, we argue, have important implications for the theory and practice of co-production.

The following is a list of learning and research resources on topics that are central to this themed section, namely the male-breadwinner and adult worker models, and their alternatives; intersectionality; the views of employers and workplace culture; the role and influence of informal care; and the tendency toward dualisation.

In this thematic issue, the authors explore family policies in seven different countries: Hungary, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Romania, Taiwan, Turkey, and the UK. A common theme is that in analysing these policies, we need to take into account more than gender, but rather we need to also consider issues such as class, poverty, religion, and the use of migrant workers. Thus, these countries have all been moving away from the traditional male breadwinner model; however, the adult-worker model is also inadequate for describing the nuances of these countries’ policies. Instead, an intersectional approach makes more sense, combining gender with the other important socioeconomic issues just mentioned.

Caregivers can play an important role in supporting and caring for people with progressive, life-threatening, or debilitating conditions. However, this supportive role can expose caregivers to various detrimental financial, physical, and psychosocial issues. When evaluating medical technologies for reimbursement decisions, health technology assessment (HTA) agencies typically focus on the treatment’s impact on patients and ignore or downplay the impact on caregivers. Including caregiver impacts within a wider societal perspective may better enable health systems to maximize health benefits from available resources. However, the lack of clear guidance or methodological recommendations from decision makers on the inclusion of caregiver impacts limits the number of HTA submissions that consider these effects. We outline a conceptual framework based on intensity and duration of caregiving to guide researchers, industry, and decision makers when developing policies for the inclusion of caregiver outcomes and justify their inclusion based on expected caregiver burden in identified circumstances.

Rapid demographic changes and heavy reliance on informal care pose significant challenges to meeting long-term care (LTC) needs in China. Understanding changes in unmet LTC needs across different times and places can inform future LTC system planning and care resource allocation, identifying emerging care needs and services gaps in different regions. Drawing on data from 6,030 urban and 5,070 rural residents in the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey 2005–2017/18, this study investigates variations in unmet LTC needs across different age groups, periods and birth cohorts among Chinese older adults and their place-based rural–urban differences. We applied the age-period-cohort interaction model to disentangle the three temporal processes, and found that, overall, rural older adults experienced higher risk of unmet LTC needs and had larger variation in age effects, yet the age, period and cohort effects on unmet needs among rural older people differed from their urban counterparts. Although ‘younger’ older adults (aged below 85) had fewer care needs than older adults, they had a higher risk of experiencing unmet needs. The risk of having unmet needs did not change significantly over the 12 years, though unmet LTC needs were more pronounced among more-recent cohorts than previous generations, especially in urban areas. The findings contribute to the social gerontology debate regarding changing patterns in unmet LTC needs, and provide crucial policy insights, underscoring the necessity of targeted interventions to address ‘younger’ older adults’ care needs and increased investmed in the formal LTC system to tackle the escalating care gap.

The impact of health technologies may extend beyond the patient and affect the health of people in their network, like their informal carers. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) methods guide explicitly allows the inclusion of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) effects on carers in economic evaluations when these effects are substantial, but the proportion of NICE appraisals that includes carer HRQoL remains small. This paper discusses when inclusion of carer HRQoL is justified, how inclusion can be substantiated, and how carer HRQoL can be measured and included in health economic models. Inclusion of HRQoL in economic evaluations can best be substantiated by data collected in (carers for) patients eligible for receiving the intervention. To facilitate combining patient and carer utilities on the benefit side of economic evaluations, using EQ-5D to measure impacts on carers seems the most successful strategy in the UK context. Alternatives to primary data collection of EQ-5D include vignette studies, using existing values, and mapping algorithms. Carer HRQoL was most often incorporated in economic models in NICE appraisals by employing (dis)utilities as a function of the patient's health state or disease severity. For consistency and comparability, economic evaluations including carer HRQoL should present analyses with and without carer HRQoL.

This article uses the well-being valuation (WV) approach to estimate and monetize the well-being impacts of informal care provision on caregivers. Using nationally representative longitudinal data from the UK, the British Household Panel Survey, we address two challenging methodological issues related to the economic valuation of informal care: (i) the anticipatory nature of informal care; and (ii) the sensitivity of income estimates used in valuation. We address the anticipatory issue by focusing on well-being impacts associated with caring for a relative who had recently suffered a serious accident. We use the fixed effects filtered (FEF) estimator to estimate a “time-invariant income” coefficient free from individual fixed effects bias, which helps to partially improve the quality of the income estimate as an alternative to using instrumental variables. This estimate is used in the calculation of shadow prices of informal care. Our estimates suggest that, focusing on the first year of unanticipated care provision, those experiencing the well-being losses from providing unanticipated informal care would be willing to pay approximately £13,167 on average to avoid it.

Growing numbers of people help and support family members, friends or others due to long-term health problems, disability or older age–related needs. While care-giving can bring fulfilment and meaning to peoples’ lives, it can negatively affect individuals’ financial wellbeing. Much of the evidence in this area is quantitative, while the subjective, in-depth experience of how unpaid care decisions affect financial wellbeing remains relatively underexplored. This scoping review explores what is known about how unpaid carers experience and understand the financial consequences of providing care. It identified 35 studies containing qualitative evidence and, through thematic analysis, identified four overarching themes: (1) direct and indirect costs of caring; (2) social, cultural and institutional care and work decision-making; (3) the unequal cost of caring; and (4) personal finance and carer wellbeing. Findings indicate that unpaid caring affects financial wellbeing in multiple, overlapping ways. The financial consequences are experienced unequally, with systems, circumstances and contexts serving to exacerbate or reduce these negative effects. Crucially, our analysis reveals the paucity of qualitative research specifically focused on unpaid carers’ financial wellbeing. There is a significant gap in the literature regarding whether, and how, individuals understand the future financial implications of unpaid care-giving, or whether longer-term financial consequences are considered when making decisions about care. Future research designed to address this gap, with greater emphasis on the personal, social and structural influences on care-related financial decision-making, could offer important insights for developing policies and practices aimed at improving the financial wellbeing of carers as they age.