The trend towards health-conscious consumption has led the food industry to enhance the nutritional content of staple products like yoghurt. This review explores the integration of nutrient-rich fruit peels into yoghurt, emphasizing both health benefits and technological advancements. Fruit peels, which are frequently discarded as agro-industrial waste, are abundant in nutrients, antioxidants and dietary fibres, which can boost yoghurt's nutritional profile. Incorporating fruit peels not only supports waste reduction and sustainability but also contributes to the added value of yoghurt products. Technological innovations have made it possible to efficiently process and incorporate these peels while preserving their benefits. The review evaluates various methods such as fermentation, drying and grinding and their effects on yoghurt's taste, texture and shelf-life. Additionally, it considers consumer acceptance and market potential for these enhanced yoghurts. Overall, this approach highlights the promise of fruit peels as functional ingredients, promoting health benefits and advancing yoghurt production technologies.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether hair can be used as a non-invasive sample material that is less influenced by homeostasis than blood. Blood analysis is an invasive method of assessing trace element status, concentrations can be influenced by homeostasis, and they might not accurately reflect the true status of the animal. Thus, hair samples could play an important non-invasive role in diagnosing chronic deficiencies. The study group included 100 veal calves of a variety of different breeds and crossbreeds aged between 2 and 5 months, consisting of both sexes. Samples were taken to compare different locations and colours of hair. The concentration of trace elements Mn, Fe, Se, Co, Cu, Zn and Mo of different coloured ear and shoulder hair (black, brown and white) were measured, and concentrations were compared with those in the liver, kidney, muscle and blood plasma. All samples were measured with triple-quadrupole collision/reaction cell ICP-MS. This study showed that both hair colour and hair location have an influence on trace element concentration. In this animal series, no strong correlations could be found between trace element concentrations in hair and other tissues, suggesting that such an approach is only feasible when a heterogeneous animal series is used. Whether hair is a feasible sample material for trace element analysis cannot be conclusively answered; a larger sample size and further studies on other influencing factors would have been required. In addition, the procedure would need to be highly standardized, as both sampling localization and hair colour appear to have an influence.

Fungal feed additives offer a potential avenue to enhance dairy cattle health and productivity. This narrative review examines and consolidates literature investigating the effects of products containing, or derived from, anaerobic fungi (AF), obligately aerobic filamentous fungi and yeasts. There is a sparsity of research investigating supplemental AF in cattle, but existing literature demonstrates that AF can consistently increase the digestibility of feeds. Anaerobic fungal additives are limited by their oxygen vulnerability, although characterization of the resting stage of their lifecycle would aid in the development of products which could be used on farm. The majority of research investigating aerobic fungi in dairy cattle is based upon their fermentation products. These products often enhance digestibility variables in cattle, which sometimes benefits growth and production. Inconsistent responses, which are attributed to heterogenous product composition and rumen stability, hinder the industry utility of these additives, and further research is required to define the conditions required for efficacy. A large body of research exists examining the effects of active yeast and yeast derivatives in mature cattle and calves. In-depth examination of this research is beyond the scope of this review, but substantial evidence suggests that supplementing dairy cattle with yeast can be advantageous for gut health and development, production and stress tolerance. This review highlights the pathways through which exogenous fungi can enhance dairy production, and that further research is required to define the causes of inconsistent responses from treatments. This will increase the value of fungal additives to the dairy sector.

Bovine glycomacropeptide (GMP), present in cheese whey, is a glycan–phosphopeptide complex released from κ-casein by the action of chymosin during cheese making. Because GMP lacks phenylalanine and tyrosine, it is considered a potential dietary source of amino acids for patients with phenylketonuria or tyrosinaemia type I – genetic disorders affecting phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, respectively. The development of methods to obtain high-purity GMP remains a long-standing challenge in the dairy industry. This review discusses isolation and purification techniques suitable for producing GMP for dietary management of these disorders. Ultrafiltration (or dialysis) and deproteinization are widely used to remove non-GMP components from whey prior to chromatographic separation. Among chromatographic methods, anion exchange chromatography is regarded as the most versatile for selectively adsorbing GMP. Laboratory-scale purification yielding GMP with undetectable levels of contaminating amino acids can be achieved by a combined method with dialysis, deproteinization and anion exchange techniques. In our laboratory, bovine whey protein concentrate prepared by dialysis and commercial whey protein isolate were used as starting materials. Each sample was deproteinized by heat and acid treatments to obtain the soluble whey fraction, which was subsequently fractionated by anion exchange chromatography (or its batch method) to recover GMP free of detectable phenylalanine and tyrosine – making it applicable to the dietary treatment of the above-mentioned disorders. Future research should investigate GMP in ‘second cheese whey’, an industrial by-product from the manufacture of whey cheeses (e.g., Ricotta). Another challenge is developing large-scale GMP production methods using inexpensive, food-grade anion exchangers (e.g., chitin).

This study aimed to assess the productivity and profitability of Iranian Holstein dairy herds by utilizing technical-economic indices, particularly in light of fluctuations of milk and feed prices. The dataset comprised 2,890,994 test day records from 190,900 cows across 93 Holstein dairy herds in Isfahan province, covering agricultural years from 2016 to 2022. To evaluate the effects of production levels and lactation stages on investigated indices, a two-way ANOVA analysis using SAS software was used. The results revealed that the average daily milk income was US $9.37 ± 3.63 per cow, while the average of feed cost was $3.97 ± 1.70 per cow. The mean of income over feed cost (IOFC) was estimated at $5.40 ± 2.41, with a range from $1.12 to18.06. Notably, with an average income equal to feed cost (IEFC) of 16.8 kg, farmers need approximately 42% of their produced milk to cover feed costs. The results of this research indicated that only 1% of the milk-to-feed price ratio (MFPR) exceeded 3.0, suggesting that higher milk production at this level is indeed profitable. Additionally, the money-corrected milk (MCM) yield was found to be 1.5% higher than the standard milk yield. The IOFC exhibited a positive and relatively strong correlation with various factors: 0.92 with milk income, 0.75 with MCM, 0.55 with feed costs and 0.22 with IEFC. Furthermore, the production levels and lactation stages significantly impacted the measures studied (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the second-parity cows with medium milk production emerged as the most profitable due to quality bonuses associated with higher milk prices. This highlights how increasing rewards and penalties related to milk quality provide incentives to farmers to focus on improving milk quality rather than merely increasing volume.

Lactotransferrin (LTF), a critical multifunctional glycoprotein, plays an essential role in the immune defence, growth and development, and milk quality of dairy cows. The regulatory mechanisms governing gene expression are intricate, with sequence variations in the promoter region potentially exerting a substantial impact on gene expression. In this study, sequencing analysis of the bovine lactotransferrin promoter region was conducted, leading to the identification of two linked single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites. A significant association between these SNPs and lactotransferrin content was observed in a cohort of 301 Holstein cows. Subsequently, further investigation into the transcriptional activity of various lactotransferrin genotypes was performed by constructing promoter fragments encompassing different lactotransferrin genotypes. The findings reveal that the two SNPs significantly influence the activity of the lactotransferrin promoter, thereby affecting lactotransferrin expression. These results hold substantial implications for advancing our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying lactotransferrin expression and for the genetic enhancement of dairy cows.

The confirmatory factor analysis technique was used to quantify a latent variable for test-day lactation performance (TDLP) in the first parity of Chinese Holstein dairy cows by applying five measurable traits, including test-day milk yield (TDMY), test-day milk fat percentage (TDFP), test-day milk protein percentage (TDPP), test-day somatic cell score (TDSCS) and test-day milk urea nitrogen (TDMUN). The standardised factor loadings of TDMY, TDFP, TDPP, TDSCS, and TDMUN for describing TDLP were 0.46, −0.52, −0.70, −0.14 and −0.19, respectively. Genetic analysis was conducted using a multivariate repeatability model within a Bayesian framework. The posterior means for the heritability and repeatability estimates of TDLP were 0.26 ± 0.02 and 0.34 ± 0.02, respectively. In general, posterior means for heritability and repeatability estimates of the measurable traits were low to medium. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.05 for TDSCS to 0.28 for TDPP, and repeatability estimates ranged from 0.15 for TDMUN to 0.38 for TDMY. The latent variable of TDLP exhibited positive genetic (0.62) and phenotypic (0.40) correlations with TDMY, whereas its genetic and phenotypic correlations with other measurable traits were negative, ranging from −0.96 (TDLP–TDPP) to −0.11 (TDLP–TDSCS). The corresponding phenotypic correlations ranged from −0.85 (TDLP–TDPP) to −0.07 (TDLP–TDSCS). It may be concluded that breeding for higher TDLP might increase TDMY but could reduce milk composition traits. In general, the negative genetic and phenotypic correlations suggest a trade-off between milk quantity (yield) and quality (composition).

This study explored the relationship between dairy technology adoption (DTA), crop diversification and food security among smallholder farmers practicing mixed agriculture in Bason Werana Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region. A systematic sampling method selected 252 households from two randomly chosen government administrative areas (kebeles), proportional to size. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and an endogeneity-corrected recursive conditional mixed process regression model to examine bidirectional causation. Findings showed a 34% adoption rate of dairy technology, with improved housing and vaccination being the most common, while artificial insemination and improved breeds had the lowest adoption. The Herfindahl Iindex for crop diversification was 0.31, indicating a lower-middle level. Food security analysis, based on the Food Consumption Score, revealed that 78.57% of households were food secure, while 16.27% and 5.16% had borderline and poor food security, respectively. The regression results indicated that DTA significantly improves food security, and vice versa, but no causal relationship was found between these factors and crop diversification. The study identified key household-level and policy-related variables that are critical for enhancing DTA and addressing food insecurity. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of designing and promoting context-specific, locally optimal agricultural strategies that are closely aligned with household characteristics. Such alignment is essential for advancing dairy sector development and improving the welfare of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia.

The dairy cattle sector in Boyolali Regency, Central Java, plays a strategic role in food provision and local employment. However, it faces multiple challenges, including climate change, low generational renewal among farmers and limited policy support. These conditions indicate a need for a systematic and measurable reformulation of sustainability strategies. Therefore, this study aims to develop a comprehensive and relevant set of sustainability indicators for the dairy cattle sector based on consensus among experts and stakeholders. To achieve this objective, the Delphi method was employed, involving 19 panellists from diverse backgrounds. Two Delphi rounds were conducted. In the first round, indicators compiled from the literature were screened and evaluated through questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions. In the second round, consensus on the selected indicators was assessed using a quantitative approach. The results identify 62 sustainability indicators grouped into 5 dimensions: economic (13 indicators), environmental (10), social (15), governance (3) and animal welfare (21). Five indicators were classified as highly relevant: intergenerational business sustainability, access to marketing partnership and information, protection of productive female cattle, health screening of breeding stock upon purchase and biosecurity control through livestock movement monitoring. In addition, 29 indicators (47%) achieved full consensus among all panellists. These findings provide a strong conceptual and empirical foundation for implementing sustainability strategies at the farm level, as well as for informing more targeted policy formulation by both local and national governments.

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that sequence-based long short-term memory (LSTM) architectures improve the prediction of the next DO (days open) relative to a feed-forward multi-layer perceptron and a Cox model under strictly temporally valid predictors. Modern dairy farming can heavily benefit from optimising ‘days open’ for profitability and animal welfare. Machine learning can forecast this metric, improving farm management, disease prevention and culling decisions. This study used a dataset of 16,472 breeding records. The study compared the performance of feed-forward neural networks and two types of recurrent neural networks (RNNs). The results showed that LSTM most accurately forecasted the next ‘days open’. This demonstrates that RNN models, due to their ability to capture temporal patterns in the data, significantly outperform feed-forward and traditional statistical methods in terms of mean absolute error and concordance.

The integration of phenotypic, genomic and pedigree data into a single-step model for predicting genomically enhanced estimated breeding values (GEBVs) has become crucial for the accurate genetic evaluation of dairy cattle. This study compared two widely used software implementations, MiXBLUP and BLUPF90IOD3, for the prediction of breeding values using the single-step G-BLUP model based on data from the Polish national evaluation for stature. Four core animal sets were tested, which differed in the selection of bulls and cows. The GEBVs were predicted and validated using different subsets of the population. Both software packages resulted in high correlations (0.89 and 0.97) between full and truncated dataset predictions and similar validation performance, with MiXBLUP exhibiting slightly greater consistency across different sets of core animals. The ranking of the top 50 bulls remained stable across the implementations. This study concludes that both software implementations provide comparable GEBV predictions, suggesting that software choice should consider computational efficiency, cost and modeling flexibility, with MiXBLUP offering additional options for GEBV estimation.

This review examines the role glycerophospholipids (PL) in dairy cow health, with specific focus on phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Increasing parity of cows is associated with lower concentrations of plasma PL that contain very long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which are precursors for prostaglandin synthesis, and have anti-inflammatory roles. Low concentrations of these PL could plausibly contribute to the increased risk of disease, reproductive failure and mortality in older cows. The bioavailability and metabolism of fatty acids may differ among supplements that are predominately neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerol-rich oils, and those bound to PL including pasture, whole or ground oilseeds and fish meal. Hepatic lipidosis can occur during the transition period if there is insufficient very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL) production in the liver to transport lipids into blood circulation. The PC are the primary PL of VLDL and are produced by two main pathways in the liver, the cytidine diphosphate-choline pathway that uses choline as a substrate, and the PE N-methyltransferase pathway that uses PE and methyl-donors as substrates. Co-supplementation strategies that target both pathways may increase PC production over a one-pathway supplementation strategy. The PIs are phosphoinositides precursors, which have broad physiological roles including regulating inflammatory processes and may offer targets for novel treatment and management of disease. Both the PI and PE are precursors to endocannabinoids, important regulators of energy metabolism, immune function and reproduction in mammals. Early findings on the endocannabinoid system in transition dairy cows yielded results that diverge from non-ruminant models. The PS expression on cytoplasmic membranes signals apoptosis, coagulation and contributes to sperm–oocyte recognition. As lipidomic diagnostics become increasingly available, understanding the metabolism of PL will continue to develop and promises to offer novel strategies for optimising cattle health and longevity.

As breeding has become increasingly specialized over the last decades, modern dairy breeds have mainly been focusing on milk production, producing bull and surplus female calves with low economic value. To address this dilemma, the present study evaluates how crossbreeding with the specialized beef breed Belgian Blue and pure breeding with Holstein-Friesian bulls affect calving ease and subsequent fattening performance, and carcass quality in Holstein-Friesian herds. For the study, pedigree information, calving information, as well as fattening performance and carcass quality parameters of 5,162 fattening bulls sired by either Holstein-Friesian (n = 4,607) or Belgian Blue (n = 555) sires from Holstein-Friesian cows in northern Germany were considered. Crossbred calves had higher birth weights and better carcass conformation ratings but also higher age at slaughter, carcass weight and average daily weight gain than purebred dairy calves, reflecting beef breeds’ superior muscle development. However, crossbreeding with Belgian Blue sires also increased the frequency of difficult births (dystocia), which has previously been shown to negatively impact calf health. The effect of parity was not relevant for fattening and carcass quality parameters but highlighted the present breeding practice of using beef sires in multiparous rather than in primiparous cows. Seasonal variations were also observed, with spring and summer-born bulls exhibiting faster weight gain.

This study is an analysis of technical solutions to ensure the reliable operation of electric drives in dairy production under conditions of unstable power supply. The methodology involved the use of system analysis methods, the evaluation of technical solutions through the analysis of their characteristics and theoretical data processing to model the power supply system of a dairy plant. The study found that power supply instability, including voltage sags, pulse surges, phase failure and frequency deviations, reduces the productivity of the dairy plant. Modelling the power supply system using a generalised functional model helped to identify critical points, such as external grid instability and voltage asymmetry, which have the greatest impact on equipment operation. The assessment of power quality parameters revealed that voltage variations between phases (0.22–0.24 kV) often exceed the normal limit (0.23 kV), the zero-sequence unbalance factor reaches 3.0% (exceeding the 2% limit) and the sinusoidal distortion factor is 0.8–1.6%, with peaks for the second and fourth harmonics (0.74–0.80%). The analysis also revealed that pumps and coolers are the most sensitive to voltage sags, while milking machines are the most sensitive to frequency instability. The implementation of technical solutions such as uninterruptible power supplies, inverters, automatic backup power switches and voltage filters can reduce downtime by 50–90%, save energy by 10–25%, reduce harmonic distortion to < 5% and extend motor life by 20–30%. Integration of electric drives with automated control systems provides real-time monitoring, automatic control and alarms, minimising downtime and increasing process reliability. The practical significance of the results is to create a basis for increasing the efficiency and stability of the dairy industry, which contributes to the smooth functioning of production, reducing operating costs and ensuring high-quality products.

This Research Paper investigates the hypothesis that variations in genes related to immune system function may influence the antioxidant potential of cow milk. The present study analysed the association between genotypes at selected osteopontin (OPN), chemokine receptor type 1 (CXCR1) and L-selectin (SELL) gene loci and the total antioxidant capacity of milk from 519 Polish Holstein–Friesian black-and-white cows. Genotyping at the genomic loci employed the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method, while the Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity method was used to measure milk TAC. The statistical method involves analysis of variance with Dunnett's post hoc tests. The results of analyses showed that the chosen genotypes as a TT (CXCR1 – c.291C > T), TT (CXCR1 – c. + 365 T > C) and TT (SELL – c.567C > T) combination was significantly associated with higher mean milk antioxidant capacity (P < 0.039). Therefore, analysing polymorphisms in genes related to the bovine immune system appears to be important in the context of selecting animals that produce milk with enhanced functional properties.