The Classic Maya understood their writing system as a divine inheritance that, like the other-than-human beings whom they venerated, was distinctive to their culture and civilization.

Industry internships are now a common part of AI PhDs, offering access to infrastructure, applied problems at scale, and networks beyond academia. This chapter explains when internships tend to pay off most, how to choose between research labs and more product-facing teams, and what companies typically look for in applications and interviews. It also covers how to integrate an internship into your PhD without losing momentum: set clear deliverables, watch for scope drift, clarify publication and IP constraints early, and keep your advisor in the loop. Used thoughtfully, an internship can be an accelerator rather than a detour.

Having previously described the citizenship categories of the empire, the nation-state, and the counterterrorist state, this chapter moves to explore the categories of citizenship created by citizenship deprivation in the constitutional state. In France and the United Kingdom, deprivation powers on national security grounds create different categories of citizens based on citizens’ degree of foreignness. Indeed, for the purposes of citizenship deprivation, there are naturalised, registered, and birthright citizens, multiple and single nationality holders, as well as short- and long-term naturalised citizens. However, why are unacceptable acts committed by naturalised citizens or multiple nationality holders treated as less pardonable than those committed by birthright or single nationality holder citizens? Put differently, why do the same unacceptable acts result in harsher responses from the state when they are committed by people with foreign heritage? This chapter examines three hypotheses behind this categorisation: statelessness, different conduct expectations for naturalised citizens, and passing these expectations to second-generation citizens.

This chapter interrogates the terms ‘integration’ and ‘Golden Age’ and how both relate to the work of Rodgers and Hammerstein. In addition to exploring how the terms came into practice and their various meanings, the chapter also analyses various tropes of ‘Golden Age’ musicals, including opening numbers for both acts, solo songs, duets (including the idea of conditional love songs), musical scenes and narrative ballets, a particular two-act structure in which the first is noticeably longer than the second and how the denouement is treated. The chapter also offers insights into the legacies of the ‘Golden Age’ musical and its integrated rhetoric in terms of nostalgia, revivals and the sung-through musical.

The focus of this chapter is on theories of diversity management, including assimilation, multiculturalism, and omniculturalism. The psychological foundations of these theories are critically assessed, with reference to empirical research. Intergroup contact theory is also examined, with reference to different types of contact, such as imagined contact, extended contact, and vicarious contact. Recent meta-analystic research suggesting that intergroup contact is benefiicial irrespective of the conditions is also critically examined. In contexts characterized by diversity, individuals face the challenge of balancing ‘standing out and standing in,’ and. this challenge is discussed with reference to optimal distinctiveness theory.

Chapter 2 emphasizes theoretical and methodological issues as they relate to understanding the five social categories. It examines concepts concerning nation-states, minority peoples, and national identity, which were applied in Iran to a secular westernizing state (in the twentieth century to 1979) and then to a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy. Under both periods, state rulers tried to control citizens and enforce policies of Persianization and Shi‘i Islamization. They failed nationwide in these political goals. Many Iranians were not ethnic Persians, not Shi‘i Muslims, and/or not amenable to assimilation and centralization. The chapter expands notions of sectarianism to include non-religious, subnational, politicized mass-groupings. It emphasizes people’s local-level communities as defined by location and livelihood; ethnolinguistic, religious, and tribal affiliation; and family, kinship, and gender. Persian Iranians list certain features as part of Iran’s national identity. Changing socioeconomic systems relate to hierarchies of wealth and power that benefit elites and disadvantage other citizens. The chapter discusses past and present local-level ethnographic studies. Engaged anthropologists include Iranians living in Iran, foreign-residing Iranians who traveled to Iran for research, and foreigners. The chapter discusses difficulties in doing research since the 1978-79 revolution, formation of a repressive theocracy, and Iraq-Iran war.

Chapter 2 focuses on the role and potential of technology in the mathematics classroom. You will be introduced to the TPACK and SAMR frameworks, which support effective planning and teaching with digital tools. This chapter demonstrates how technology can enhance engagement, feedback, personalisation, and collaboration, while providing guidance on selecting high-quality digital resources aligned with the cross-curriculum priorities. The integration of technology is framed to enrich pedagogical practice and support diverse learners.

This volume sets out to provide a concise and accessible overview of the history of today’s European Union. A brief account of such a sprawling topic obviously cannot be comprehensive. Instead, I hope to lay out the broad sweep of developments, without getting bogged down in the details. These days all the EU’s significant moves are documented online, including all its treaties, major decisions, national positions, specific policies, and other technicalities. The institutions themselves provide deep insights into their ongoing work, often also supplying snapshots of historical developments. Even more importantly, there are entire libraries of books on specific policies and the roles of institutional actors such as the European Commission, the Parliament, the Council, and the various member states. Amidst such a wealth of information, it is all too easy to get tangled up in the details. In response, this book seeks to provide a coherent survey of the EU’s history for the general reader.

The media tends to portray a European Union lurching from one crisis to the next. And in this brief history I have had plenty to say about problems, dangers, risks, and threats in the decades-long process of European integration. The founders were well aware of this aspect. Jean Monnet always believed that ‘Europe would be built through crisis, and that it would be the sum of their solutions’. Indeed, the European Union – as the European Communities before it – does seem to have a knack for turning crises to its advantage. Rather than leading to any kind of reversal, challenges have tended to reorient and expand the European project. So, we should not get carried away by excitable headlines, which often fail to do justice to the EU’s complex and sometimes contradictory trajectory.

This chapter surveys the empirical evidence on the effect of terror on social cohesion. We report on attitudinal changes towards the minority group to which terrorists are perceived to belong and by that group towards integration. We also discuss evidence of increased discrimination in labor and housing markets and reduced assimilation efforts in the wake of major terror attacks.

Focusing on the third-person formulation of many of the texts on the question tablets, and drawing on psychological and narratological research, this essay explores the mind-set of those who came to consult Zeus, asking if these texts reveal a sense of the self as fragmented in the face of crisis – which may also suggest how processes of consultation at an oracle could have provided psychological relief to pilgrims. Using analytical approaches from cognitive linguistics, this essay examines these texts for what they may reveal in terms of a cognitive blending of Viewpoints – both mortal and divine – aiding self-integration and, thus, decision making. Finally, this essay argues that awe in the face of the divine may have been a key component of the experience of consultation, with significant impacts on our brain and body.

The king’s representative was the justiciar, and there was an Irish parliament. Towns and cities were incorporated and much of the country was shired. Ring-forts died out, and people lived mainly in wooden or mud houses, in small settlements or in towns. Bishops’ links with Rome and the proliferation of monastic orders of continental origin built international connections, as did thriving trade with France, Spain, Britain and the Low Countries.

Gaelic-Irish leaders stood fast against Anglo-Normans in some areas and enlisted the aid of Scotland’s Edward Bruce to fight them in 1316–1318. But in general the two groups entwined politically, socially, economically and personally (through marriage) with each other. All professed the same religion, and spoke, or understood, the same language: English was the language of administration and of the king’s representatives, but Irish remained the lingua franca, and most of the towns established by Normans (mostly in Leinster and Munster) had Irish names. Many European texts were translated into Irish. But by 1490, Irish political interests were united enough to support the Yorkists in England’s civil wars. At this stage around Dublin was an area known as the Pale, considered the extent of English power. The Anglo-Norman Fitzgerald dynasty of Kildare emerged as leaders of Ireland by 1500, although in Ulster the O’Neills held sway.