A new species of the genus Sychnotylenchus, S. golestanicus sp. n., is described and illustrated from northern Iran. The new species is characterised by a body length of 595–831 μm, a continuous lip region, a very slender stylet 7–10 μm long with small but distinct knobs, a lateral field with six to eight incisures, a heart-shaped median bulb with a refractive valve, and an excretory pore located at or anterior to the median bulb. The crustaformeria (eggshell-forming zone) consists of 16 cells arranged in 4 longitudinal rows of 4 large, rounded cells each, with the anterior part expanded and functioning as a spermatheca. Females have the vulva situated at 88.5–90.3% of body length, a post-vulval uterine sac measuring 1.4–2.2 times the vulval body diameter, and a short, broad tail with a truncate to slightly flattened terminus, usually showing a shallow terminal depression and lacking a mucro. Males possess smoothly curved spicules 16–21 μm long, a simple gubernaculum approximately one-third of the spicule length, and broad peloderan bursal alae. The new species is morphologically most similar to S. hibisci, but differs from the mentioned species by a combination of characters including the shape of the female tail, the number of lateral field incisures, the structure of the crustaformeria, the length of the post-vulval uterine sac, and the position of the excretory pore. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA sequences placed S. golestanicus sp. n. within a well-supported clade (posterior probability = 1.00) comprising S. hibisci and other Sychnotylenchus species, supporting its placement within the genus Sychnotylenchus. The congruence between morphological and molecular evidence supports the recognition of S. golestanicus sp. n. as a distinct species. The present study also highlights the need for additional molecular markers and further integrative taxonomic studies, potentially including TEM investigations, to clarify the taxonomic significance of the crustaformeria and better resolve phylogenetic relationships within the Sychnotylenchinae.

Wild figs (Ficus spp.) play a central role in tropical ecosystems by providing food to a wide range of frugivores, often due to high fruit yields and a presumed lack of distinct phenological patterns. This assumption is particularly important in Madagascar, where figs may represent a year-round resource for the island’s unique frugivore community. However, evidence for truly aseasonal fruiting remains limited, and previous studies have rarely distinguished between ripe and unripe figs, potentially overestimating resource availability. We investigated Ficus phenology in two contrasting forest types, the wet forests of Andasibe-Analamazaotra and the dry forests of Ankarafantsika to determine whether (1) fig production exhibits distinct temporal patterns and (2) these patterns differ between habitats. Over three years (2021–2024), we monitored 94 individual trees representing 11 species and recorded fig presence and ripeness stage. Fruit production occurred throughout the year, and circular statistical analyses detect no significant seasonal peaks in either unripe or ripe figs. Similarly, despite strong environmental contrasts, ripe fig fruiting patterns did not differ significantly between sites, although a difference was detected for unripe figs. These results suggest that Malagasy Ficus do not exhibit distinct phenological patterns at the species or community level, with fruit production broadly aseasonal across habitats. This year-round pattern, including the recurrent ripe fig availability, suggests that Ficus may provide a relatively continuous food resource for frugivores, particularly during periods of fruit scarcity, while highlighting the need to understand the ecological significance of unripe figs.

Ruination studies allow one to see the past not as a fixed “thing” but as living landscapes. Over the past two decades, Mesoamerican scholars have increasingly recognized that ruins were an integral part of ancient Mesoamerican peoples’ experiences in and with the world and not just a modern invention of cultural heritage. Any understanding of ancient Maya ruins must consider the Indigenous ontologies, cosmologies, and myths of peoples of that region. Indigenous approaches highlight the affective and dynamic nature of ruins, perspectives that can be put in conversation with metaphysical or posthumanist ideas more generally. One particularity of ruins in the Maya area is that they often were, and in many cases still are, entangled with forest beings that are both feared and revered. This article reviews some of the ways in which ancient Maya peoples lived with ruins, drawing a number of case examples from the Maya site of Ucanal in Petén, Guatemala, and then contextualizes these findings with the darker side of ruins. This darker side of ruins was part of the making of moral communities that were—and are—in a constant state of motion.

Metaphors abound for mycorrhiza in both science and fiction. From the “wood wide web” to “mother trees,” “social networks” to “neurological networks,” analogies expand and transform public understanding of the complex and elusive interactions between plants and fungi occurring under our feet in forest ecosystems. However, the line between metaphor and the more-than-metaphorical, fact and fiction, is not always clear, causing heated debates about the role of metaphor in the scientific imagination and science communication. As a mycologist and literary scholar, we enact an interdisciplinary symbiosis inspired by mycorrhiza themselves to explore the mycorrhizal metaphors in the past decade, which are entangling and enriching both science and fiction, from Tade Thompson’s Rosewater (2016) to Merlin Sheldrake’s Entangled Life (2020), Richard Powers’s The Overstory (2018) to Suzanne Simard’s Finding the Mother Tree (2021). We reaffirm the fundamental value of metaphors in how scientists and nonscientists alike seek to understand fungi in a world increasingly fascinated by and dependent upon them.

A population of Oscheius insectivorus was recovered from inside the body of a live scarab beetle collected from natural forests of Jafar Abad village, Golestan province, and was reported from Iran for the first time. The Iranian isolate of the species is characterized by 1103–1942 μm long females with their vulva at 46.9–57.4% of the body, tail 75–118 μm long, males with spicules 60.0–74.5 μm long, gubernaculum 23.7–32.2 μm long, and infective juveniles measuring 790–985 μm long. Females and males of the recovered population had shorter body when compared with the type population. Molecular identification of the recovered population was performed using the SSU and D2-D3 expansion segments of LSU rDNA, and corresponding phylogenetic trees were reconstructed and discussed. The pathogenicity of the Iranian isolate was evaluated on the larvae and adults of the poplar leaf beetle, Chrysomela populi, and the larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, under laboratory conditions. A suspension of 200 infective juveniles per ml (IJs/ml) of the nematode was most effective against third instar larvae of C. populi, causing 75% mortality 72 hours post-exposure. In adults, mortality reached 70% at the same concentration and exposure time. For G. mellonella larvae, O. insectivorus caused 50% mortality at 200 IJs/ml within 72 hours post-exposure. The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values of the nematode were 77.71 and 94.06 IJs/ml for third instar larvae and adults of C. populi, respectively, and 217.04 IJs/ml for fifth instar larvae of G. mellonella 72 hours post-exposure at 25°C and 60% relative humidity.

The thick-shelled river mussel Unio crassus is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and searching for surviving populations is urgent. We surveyed for this species in Kaliningradskaya Oblast, a Russian territory lying between Poland and Lithuania, where empty shells of the species had been reported from two rivers. There are at least 125 rivers and numerous small streams in the region, and as a comprehensive survey of all of these watercourses is infeasible, we used a method developed for surveys of the freshwater pearl mussels Margaritifera margaritifera and Margaritifera laevis. This involved a remote assessment of the forests and lakes in the river basins to identify sites potentially suitable for U. crassus based on criteria used for pearl mussels, followed by site surveys. We surveyed six sites and discovered U. crassus in five of those, only two of which support healthy populations. The existence of other U. crassus populations in Kaliningradskaya Oblast is unlikely. This study underscores the critical role of riparian arboreal vegetation for freshwater mussels. The conservation of U. crassus in rivers surrounded by farmlands is challenging because of siltation, eutrophication and other processes that negatively impact the riverine environment. Even the abandonment of these farmlands does not necessarily lead to improvements in mussel survival. Any plans for the restoration of U. crassus will require concurrent restoration of riparian arboreal vegetation.

The management and mismanagement of Roman groves was a serious matter, and intentional and unintentional violations of these spaces could be severely punished. In spite of this, groves remained loosely defined by Romans and their boundaries were commonly misunderstood, a confusion that has continued into modern scholarship, where groves are understood as either a clearing in a wood or a dark space lit by artificial lighting. This article takes up this discussion, and explores the nature of an ancient grove as a well-attested space under forest management that influences later conversations on the nature of wooded spaces in more recent periods.

The vegetation at and beyond the northern edge of the world’s boreal forest plays an important though imperfectly understood role in the climate system. This is particularly true within Russia, where only a small proportion of the boreal land area has been studied in depth, and little is known about its recent evolution over time. We describe a long-term collaboration between institutions in Russia and the United Kingdom, aimed at developing a better understanding of high-latitude vegetation in Russia using remote sensing methods. The focus of the collaboration has varied over time; in its most recent form, it is concerned with the dynamics of the Russian boreal forest during the 21st century and its relation to climate change. We discuss the support framework within which it has been developed and reflect on its relationship to science diplomacy. We consider the factors that have contributed to the success of a decades-long international collaboration and make recommendations as to how such joint efforts can be encouraged in future.

Access to care services in remote areas is challenging. The use of telemedicine technology in these areas facilitates access to health care. This study aimed to summarize the current research on telemedicine in remote areas such as mountains and forests. A systematic search was conducted in databases including Medline (through PubMed), Scopus, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, and ISI Web of Science to identify relevant studies published until May 12, 2021. Screening of retrieved articles for selection and inclusion in the study was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. A total of 807 articles were identified after removing duplicates, from which 20 studies meeting our inclusion criteria were selected. Challenges, opportunities, and equipment required to use telemedicine in remote areas were extracted from the selected studies. The results revealed that telemedicine implementation in remote areas had many challenges, including harsh weather conditions, Internet connectivity problems, difficult equipment transportation, and ethical issues. Telemedicine also has many benefits, such as cost and time savings for patients, improving patients’ quality of life, and improving patient satisfaction. Telemedicine for inhabitants of forested and mountainous areas facilitates rapid access to health care and enhances patient satisfaction. Distinguishing advantages and barriers as well as reducing restrictions will have an essential role in accelerating the use of this technology.

The water purification functions of forests represent one of the most frequently invoked examples of nonmarket ecosystem services that are economically valuable. This study quantifies the monetary value of forests' water purification services in the form of the ensuing cost savings of municipal drinking water treatment, using a rich panel dataset from China's Sichuan province. Moreover, this study has undertaken a novel spatial piecewise approach to investigate the spatial patterns of such cost savings delivered by forests at different distances from the water intake point. The estimation results find that forests within a 2 km radius upstream from the water intake point have the most sizeable and statistically significant cost saving effect. For forests within a 3 km radius, this effect becomes somewhat smaller but remains statistically significant. Beyond a 4 km radius, this effect becomes notably smaller and statistically equal to zero. Our analysis facilitates the optimal spatial targeting of forest conservation.

Recently, human activities have impacted biodiversity-rich forest in western Rwanda, creating a need to enhance restoration activities of degraded lands in the region. To evaluate the effects of reforestation activities on the community composition of soil-litter ants, research was conducted in Gishwati tropical montane forest, located in northern-western part of Rwanda. The ant fauna was studied in reforested lands dominated by regenerated native species and exotic tree species. Further, a primary forest made of native trees served as a reference. In each forest type, nine sampling points were used to sample ants. Ant specimens were collected using pitfalls, hand sampling and Winkler extractor. They were identified to subfamilies, genus and species levels using dichotomous keys, and also statistically analysed for species richness, diversity, evenness and community composition. We collected a total of 2,481 individuals from 5 subfamilies, 18 genera and 35 species. Higher abundance, diversity and species richness were found in soil-litter under natural primary and secondary forests dominated by regenerated native plant species compared to exotic tree forest. The ant community composition analysis indicated higher similarities in ant species sampled under primary native forest and secondary forest dominated by regenerated native species. Reforestation by regenerating native species may be given priority in restoration of degraded lands due to their importance in species richness and species diversity.

Traditional transect survey methods for forest antelopes often underestimate density for common species and do not provide sufficient data for rarer species. The use of camera trapping as a survey tool for medium and large terrestrial mammals has become increasingly common, especially in forest habitats. Here, we applied the distance sampling method to images generated from camera-trap surveys in Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon, and used an estimate of the proportion of time animals are active to correct for negative bias in the density estimates from the 24-hour camera-trap survey datasets. We also used multiple covariate distance sampling with body weight as a covariate to estimate detection probabilities and densities of rarer species. These methods provide an effective tool for monitoring the status of individual species or a community of forest antelope species, information urgently needed for conservation planning and action.